BGT226 (NVP-BGT226) maleate

The anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of NVP-BGT226 are independent of bcr-abl status. The activation of the AKT/mTOR signal cascade is suppressed by NVP-BGT226 in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Flow cytometric analysis exhibits an accumulation of cells in the G(0)-G(1) phase with concomitant loss in the S-phase. NVP-BGT226 displays potent growth-inhibitory activity against all tested cell lines including SCC4, TU183 and KB cell lines with the IC50 ranging from 7.4 to 30.1 nM. Notably, both Detroit 562 and HONE-1 cells, which express PIK3CA mutation H1047R, are still sensitive to the growth-inhibitory effect of NVP-BGT226 treatment. In addition, the sensitivity to NVP-BGT226 between HONE-1 cells. Results of the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay and the analysis of caspase 3/7 and PARP indicates that NVP-BGT226 induces cancer cell death through an apoptosis-independent pathway. NVP-BGT226 induces autophagy as indicated by the aggregation and upregulation of the microtubule-associated protein light chain 3B-II, and p62 degradation. Gene silencing of Beclin1 or cotreatment of the autophagosome inhibitor, 3-methyladenine, inhibits the NVP-BGT226-induced autophagy and leads to the retrieval of colony survival.^[2] NVP-BGT226 inhibits growth in common myeloma cell lines and primary myeloma cells (such as NCI-H929, U266, RPMI-8226 and OPM2 MM cell lines) at nanomolar concentrations in a time-dependent and dose-dependent manner. NVP-BGT226 inhibits phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt), P70S6k and 4E-BP-1 in a time-dependent and dose-dependent manner. The stimulatory effect of insulin-like growth factor 1, interleukin-6 and conditioned medium of HS-5 stromal cells on myeloma cell growth is completely abrogated by NVP-BGT226. Inhibition of phosphoinositol-3-kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin by NVP-BGT226 is highly effective, and NVP-BGT226 represents a potential new candidate for targeted therapy in multiple myeloma. Combined inhibition of PI3K and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) by NVP-BGT226 has been proven to be very effective in terms of induction of apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation. ^[3] In another study, after 24 hours, 86.9% MiaPaCa-2 100 nM NVP-BGT226 treated cells arrests at the G0/G1 phase compared to 55.6% of control cells. ^[4]

NCI-H929, U266, RPMI-8226 and OPM2 MM cells are seeded in 96-well plates at a concentration of 1.5 × 10⁴ cells/well in RPMI medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum with or without NVP-BGT226 that is to be tested. After 36 hours, BrdU-labelling solution is added (final concentration: 10 μM), and cells are cultured for another 12 hours in a humidified atmosphere (37 °C/5% CO₂). Then, the plates are centrifuged (10 min, 300 g), and the supernatants are discarded. The plates are dried at 60 °C for 2 hours. After fixation with ethanol/HCl for 30 min at -20 °C, the DNA is partially digested by nuclease treatment for 30 min at 37 °C. The cells are washed three times with medium and incubated with anti-BrdU-POD labelling solution for 30 min at 37 °C. The anti-POD solution is removed and the cells are washed three times with washing buffer. The ABTS substrate solution is added, and absorbance is measured in a microplate reader at 405 nm with a reference wave length of 490 nm.

In a xenografted animal model, NVP-BGT226 significantly delays tumor growth in a dose-dependent manner, along with suppressed cytoplasmic expression of p-p70 S6 kinase and the presence of autophagosome formation. NVP-BGT226 inhibits tumor growth in a dose-dependent manner in a FaDu cell xenografted mouse model. Oral administration of NVP-BGT226 at 2.5 and 5 mg/kg for 3 weeks causes 34.7% and 76.1% reduction of the tumor growth on day 21, respectively (compared with control). NVP-BGT226 displays comparable inhibition against tumor growth to rapamycin. The final volume of both groups is significantly smaller than those treated with LY294002 (a PI3K inhibitor) or the control. ^[2]