Reverse Transcriptase

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Reverse Transcriptaseシグナル伝達経路

Reverse Transcriptase製品

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  • Reverse Transcriptase阻害剤 (37)
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S1401 Tenofovir Tenofovir (GS-1278) blocks reverse transcriptase and hepatitis B virus infections.
J Biomed Sci, 2024, 31(1):34
Hepatol Commun, 2024, 8(1)e0351
Nat Commun, 2023, 14(1):199
S1400 Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate belongs to a class of antiretroviral drugs, it inhibits the activity of HIV reverse transcriptase by competing with the natural substrate deoxyadenosine 5’-triphosphate and, after incorporation into DNA, by DNA chain termination.
Clin Immunol, 2024, 260:109915
Antiviral Res, 2024, 231:106010
Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2024, 14:1334126
S2579 Zidovudine Zidovudine (ZDV, Azidothymidine, NSC 602670) is a nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor, used to treat HIV.
Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):2716
Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):9321
J Immunother Cancer, 2024, 12(11)e009805
S1706 Lamivudine Lamivudine is a potent nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor, used for treatment of chronic HBV and HIV/AIDS. It works by blocking the HIV reverse transcriptase and hepatitis B virus polymerase.
Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):9461
Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):9321
J Biomed Sci, 2024, 31(1):34
S7303 Rilpivirine Rilpivirine (R278474, TMC27, DB08864) is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), and used to treat HIV-1 infection.
Nat Chem Biol, 2023, 19(4):431-439
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2023, 67(7):e0046223
J Virol, 2022, JVI0173021
S1704 Emtricitabine (FTC) Emtricitabine (FTC) is a new nucleoside agent that has activity against both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus. It is a reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Intracellular half-life is 39 h.
J Biomed Sci, 2024, 31(1):34
Clin Immunol, 2024, 260:109915
Sci Rep, 2024, 14(1):9167
S5246 Entecavir Entecavir(BMS200475,SQ34676), a new deoxyguanine nucleoside analogue, is a selective inhibitor of the replication of the hepatitis B virus (HBV).
J Biomed Sci, 2024, 31(1):34
NPJ Vaccines, 2024, 9(1):22
Antiviral Res, 2024, 231:106010
S4685 Efavirenz Efavirenz is a synthetic non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor with antiviral activity.
Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2024, 14:1334126
Nat Chem Biol, 2023, 19(4):431-439
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2023, 67(7):e0046223
S2914 Dapivirine (TMC120) Dapivirine (TMC120) is a non-nucleoside inhibitor for HIV reverse transcriptase with IC50 of 24 nM, inhibits a broad panel of HIV-1 isolates from different classes, inclucing a wide range of NNRTI-resistant isolates. Phase 3.
J Control Release, 2024, 376:1209-1224
Pharmaceutics, 2022, 14(9)1938
Viruses, 2022, 14(8)1723
S1252 Entecavir Hydrate Entecavir Hydrate (ETV, Baraclude,BMS200475 Hydrate,SQ34676 Hydrate), a new deoxyguanine nucleoside analogue, is a selective inhibitor of the replication of the hepatitis B virus (HBV).
Cancer Discov, 2022, candisc.1117.2021
Hepatology, 2022, 10.1002/hep.32614
Cell Rep, 2022, 39(10):110913
S1742 Nevirapine (NSC 641530) Nevirapine (NSC 641530,NVP) is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) used to treat HIV-1 infection and AIDS.
Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):9321
Biomolecules, 2024, 14(7)819
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2023, 67(7):e0046223
S5215 Abacavir Abacavir is a powerful nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) used to treat HIV and AIDS.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2023, 67(7):e0046223
Cancer Discov, 2022, candisc.1117.2021
Cells, 2021, 10(12)3458
S7856 Tenofovir Alafenamide Tenofovir Alafenamide is a prodrug of tenofovir, which is a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, used to treat HIV and Hepatitis B.
Antiviral Res, 2024, 231:106010
Hepatol Commun, 2024, 8(1)e0351
Int J Mol Sci, 2022, 23(23)15380
S3080 Etravirine Etravirine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) used for the treatment of HIV.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2023, 67(7):e0046223
Front Cell Dev Biol, 2019, 7:204
J Virol, 2019, 93(9)
S1398 Stavudine (d4T) Stavudine (d4T, BMY-27857, Sanilvudine, NSC 163661) is a nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NARTI) active against HIV.
Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):2716
Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):9321
bioRxiv, 2024, 10.1101/2024.01.22.576652
S1719 Zalcitabine Zalcitabine (NSC 606170, Ro 24-2027/000) is a nucleoside analog HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NARTI).
Sci Rep, 2024, 14(1):9167
Sci Rep, 2024, 14(1):9167
Cancer Discov, 2022, candisc.1117.2021
S3165 Abacavir sulfate Abacavir (1592U89) is a commonly used nucleoside analogue with potent antiviral activity against HIV-1.
Cell, 2023, 186(2):287-304.e26
Cell Rep, 2023, 42(6):112593
Cancer Discov, 2022, candisc.1117.2021
S1718 Adefovir Dipivoxil (GS 0840) Adefovir Dipivoxil (GS 0840) is a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, used in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV).
Biomedicines, 2021, 9(8)996
Front Immunol, 2020, 11:616570
Oncol Lett, 2018, 15(5):6107-6114
S1702 Didanosine Didanosine is a reverse transcriptase inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.49 μM.
Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):9321
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2023, 67(7):e0046223
Cancer Res Commun, 2023, 3(10):2030-2043
S1651 Telbivudine Telbivudine(NV 02B) is a potent, and selective HBV reverse transcriptase inhibitor, used to treat HBV infection.
Biomedicines, 2021, 9(8)996
Oncotarget, 2017, 8(15):24694-24705
Sci Rep, 2013, 3:2105
S3076 Foscarnet Sodium Foscarnet Sodium (Phosphonoformate) inhibits viral RNA polymerases, reverse transcriptase, and DNA polymerases through noncompetitive inhibition with dNTPs.
Sci Adv, 2021, 7(52):eabl3858
Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2020, 10:536150
Neuron, 2017, 96(6):1290-1302
S4879 Tenofovir hydrate Tenofovir (GS-1278) hydrate blocks reverse transcriptase and hepatitis B virus infections.
Cancer Discov, 2022, candisc.1117.2021
Cells, 2020, 9(4)E1003
S5959 Tenofovir Disoproxil Tenofovir Disoproxil (Bis(POC)-PMPA, GS 4331) is a prodrug of tenofovir, which is metabolised intracellularly to its active anabolite tenofovir diphosphate, a competitive inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and terminates the growing DNA chain.
J Virol, 2022, JVI0173021
Front Microbiol, 2018, 9:278
S4428 Tenofovir alafenamide fumarate Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF, GS-7340) fumarate is a prodrug of tenofovir but results in significantly higher intracellular tenofovir concentrations and lower serum levels. Tenofovir alafenamide is a novel nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.
Cells, 2021, 10(9)2321
Front Microbiol, 2018, 9:278
S4187 Salicylanilide Salicylanilides (WR10019,2-Hydroxybenzanilide) are a group of compounds with a wide range of biological activities including antiviral potency, antibacterial (including antimycobacterial) and antifungal activities.
Hum Mol Genet, 2020, ddaa244
S3606 Fangchinoline Fangchinoline, a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid, is a novel HIV-1 inhibitor with pain-relieving, blood pressure-depressing, and antibiotic activities.
Pathogens, 2023, 12(6)845
Pathogens, 2023, 12(6)845
S6452 Delavirdine mesylate Delavirdine Mesylate(U 90152 mesylate) is a mesylate salt form of delavirdine, which is a synthetic, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor.
J Cheminform, 2021, 13(1):90
S4427 Tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF, GS-7340) hemifumarate is a prodrug of tenofovir but results in significantly higher intracellular tenofovir concentrations and lower serum levels. Tenofovir alafenamide is a novel nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.
Front Microbiol, 2018, 9:278
S6492 Doravirine Doravirine is a novel HIV-1 nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with IC50 values of 12, 9.7, and 9.7 nM against the wild type (WT) and K103N and Y181C reverse transcriptase (RT) mutants, respectively, in a biochemical assay. It is highly specific with minimum off-target activities.
Nat Chem Biol, 2023, 19(4):431-439
S3273 Hypericin Hypericin (Hyp, HY) is a naturally occurring substance found in the common St. John's Wort (Hypericum species) with antidepressive, antineoplastic and antiviral (human immunodeficiency and hepatitis C virus) activities. Hypericin has inhibitory effects on MAO (monoaminoxidase), PKC (protein kinase C), dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, reverse transcriptase, telomerase and CYP (cytochrome P450).
Eur J Pharmacol, 2021, 900:174071
S4890 Bifendate Bifendate, a synthetic intermediate of schisandrin C, is an anti-HBV drug used in Chinese medicine for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.
S6848 3'-Fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine (Alovudine) 3'-Fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine (Alovudine, CL 184824, FddThd, FLT, MIV-310) is a potent inhibitor of polymerase γ and reverse transcriptase that can be used in the treatment of HIV infection. 3'-Fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine (Alovudine) is also a marker of DNA synthesis that can be used as an early response biomarker in the chemotherapy of pancreatic cancer.
E0815 Rilpivirine Hydrochloride Rilpivirine (TMC278), is a second-generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) with higher potency, longer half-life and reduced side-effect profile compared with older NNRTIs, such as efavirenz.
E1745New Ulonivirine Ulonivirine(MK-8507) is a selective and potent inhibitor of HIV-1 nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase (NNRTI) that binds to the classic NNRTI hydrophobic binding pocket near the polymerase active site. It demonstrates a potential to treat HIV-1 infections and induce the expression of CYP3A4, an enzyme often involved in drug metabolism.
S8055 Lersivirine (UK-453061) Lersivirine (UK-453061) is a potent and selective inhibitor of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase (NNRTI) with IC50 of 0.119 μM.
S5423 4-Chloro-2-(trifluoroacetyl)aniline hydrochloride 4-Chloro-2-(trifluoroacetyl)aniline hydrochloride is a HIV-1 RT (HIV reverse transcriptase) inhibitor.
S5068 Adefovir Adefovir is an orally administered nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor used for treatment of hepatitis B and herpes simplex virus infection.
Hepatol Commun, 2024, 8(1)e0351
S1401 Tenofovir Tenofovir (GS-1278) blocks reverse transcriptase and hepatitis B virus infections.
J Biomed Sci, 2024, 31(1):34
Hepatol Commun, 2024, 8(1)e0351
Nat Commun, 2023, 14(1):199
S1400 Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate belongs to a class of antiretroviral drugs, it inhibits the activity of HIV reverse transcriptase by competing with the natural substrate deoxyadenosine 5’-triphosphate and, after incorporation into DNA, by DNA chain termination.
Clin Immunol, 2024, 260:109915
Antiviral Res, 2024, 231:106010
Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2024, 14:1334126
S2579 Zidovudine Zidovudine (ZDV, Azidothymidine, NSC 602670) is a nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor, used to treat HIV.
Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):2716
Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):9321
J Immunother Cancer, 2024, 12(11)e009805
S1706 Lamivudine Lamivudine is a potent nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor, used for treatment of chronic HBV and HIV/AIDS. It works by blocking the HIV reverse transcriptase and hepatitis B virus polymerase.
Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):9461
Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):9321
J Biomed Sci, 2024, 31(1):34
S7303 Rilpivirine Rilpivirine (R278474, TMC27, DB08864) is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), and used to treat HIV-1 infection.
Nat Chem Biol, 2023, 19(4):431-439
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2023, 67(7):e0046223
J Virol, 2022, JVI0173021
S1704 Emtricitabine (FTC) Emtricitabine (FTC) is a new nucleoside agent that has activity against both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus. It is a reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Intracellular half-life is 39 h.
J Biomed Sci, 2024, 31(1):34
Clin Immunol, 2024, 260:109915
Sci Rep, 2024, 14(1):9167
S5246 Entecavir Entecavir(BMS200475,SQ34676), a new deoxyguanine nucleoside analogue, is a selective inhibitor of the replication of the hepatitis B virus (HBV).
J Biomed Sci, 2024, 31(1):34
NPJ Vaccines, 2024, 9(1):22
Antiviral Res, 2024, 231:106010
S4685 Efavirenz Efavirenz is a synthetic non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor with antiviral activity.
Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2024, 14:1334126
Nat Chem Biol, 2023, 19(4):431-439
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2023, 67(7):e0046223
S2914 Dapivirine (TMC120) Dapivirine (TMC120) is a non-nucleoside inhibitor for HIV reverse transcriptase with IC50 of 24 nM, inhibits a broad panel of HIV-1 isolates from different classes, inclucing a wide range of NNRTI-resistant isolates. Phase 3.
J Control Release, 2024, 376:1209-1224
Pharmaceutics, 2022, 14(9)1938
Viruses, 2022, 14(8)1723
S1252 Entecavir Hydrate Entecavir Hydrate (ETV, Baraclude,BMS200475 Hydrate,SQ34676 Hydrate), a new deoxyguanine nucleoside analogue, is a selective inhibitor of the replication of the hepatitis B virus (HBV).
Cancer Discov, 2022, candisc.1117.2021
Hepatology, 2022, 10.1002/hep.32614
Cell Rep, 2022, 39(10):110913
S1742 Nevirapine (NSC 641530) Nevirapine (NSC 641530,NVP) is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) used to treat HIV-1 infection and AIDS.
Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):9321
Biomolecules, 2024, 14(7)819
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2023, 67(7):e0046223
S5215 Abacavir Abacavir is a powerful nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) used to treat HIV and AIDS.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2023, 67(7):e0046223
Cancer Discov, 2022, candisc.1117.2021
Cells, 2021, 10(12)3458
S7856 Tenofovir Alafenamide Tenofovir Alafenamide is a prodrug of tenofovir, which is a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, used to treat HIV and Hepatitis B.
Antiviral Res, 2024, 231:106010
Hepatol Commun, 2024, 8(1)e0351
Int J Mol Sci, 2022, 23(23)15380
S3080 Etravirine Etravirine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) used for the treatment of HIV.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2023, 67(7):e0046223
Front Cell Dev Biol, 2019, 7:204
J Virol, 2019, 93(9)
S1398 Stavudine (d4T) Stavudine (d4T, BMY-27857, Sanilvudine, NSC 163661) is a nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NARTI) active against HIV.
Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):2716
Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):9321
bioRxiv, 2024, 10.1101/2024.01.22.576652
S1719 Zalcitabine Zalcitabine (NSC 606170, Ro 24-2027/000) is a nucleoside analog HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NARTI).
Sci Rep, 2024, 14(1):9167
Sci Rep, 2024, 14(1):9167
Cancer Discov, 2022, candisc.1117.2021
S3165 Abacavir sulfate Abacavir (1592U89) is a commonly used nucleoside analogue with potent antiviral activity against HIV-1.
Cell, 2023, 186(2):287-304.e26
Cell Rep, 2023, 42(6):112593
Cancer Discov, 2022, candisc.1117.2021
S1718 Adefovir Dipivoxil (GS 0840) Adefovir Dipivoxil (GS 0840) is a reverse transcriptase inhibitor, used in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV).
Biomedicines, 2021, 9(8)996
Front Immunol, 2020, 11:616570
Oncol Lett, 2018, 15(5):6107-6114
S1702 Didanosine Didanosine is a reverse transcriptase inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.49 μM.
Nat Commun, 2024, 15(1):9321
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2023, 67(7):e0046223
Cancer Res Commun, 2023, 3(10):2030-2043
S1651 Telbivudine Telbivudine(NV 02B) is a potent, and selective HBV reverse transcriptase inhibitor, used to treat HBV infection.
Biomedicines, 2021, 9(8)996
Oncotarget, 2017, 8(15):24694-24705
Sci Rep, 2013, 3:2105
S3076 Foscarnet Sodium Foscarnet Sodium (Phosphonoformate) inhibits viral RNA polymerases, reverse transcriptase, and DNA polymerases through noncompetitive inhibition with dNTPs.
Sci Adv, 2021, 7(52):eabl3858
Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2020, 10:536150
Neuron, 2017, 96(6):1290-1302
S4879 Tenofovir hydrate Tenofovir (GS-1278) hydrate blocks reverse transcriptase and hepatitis B virus infections.
Cancer Discov, 2022, candisc.1117.2021
Cells, 2020, 9(4)E1003
S5959 Tenofovir Disoproxil Tenofovir Disoproxil (Bis(POC)-PMPA, GS 4331) is a prodrug of tenofovir, which is metabolised intracellularly to its active anabolite tenofovir diphosphate, a competitive inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and terminates the growing DNA chain.
J Virol, 2022, JVI0173021
Front Microbiol, 2018, 9:278
S4428 Tenofovir alafenamide fumarate Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF, GS-7340) fumarate is a prodrug of tenofovir but results in significantly higher intracellular tenofovir concentrations and lower serum levels. Tenofovir alafenamide is a novel nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.
Cells, 2021, 10(9)2321
Front Microbiol, 2018, 9:278
S4187 Salicylanilide Salicylanilides (WR10019,2-Hydroxybenzanilide) are a group of compounds with a wide range of biological activities including antiviral potency, antibacterial (including antimycobacterial) and antifungal activities.
Hum Mol Genet, 2020, ddaa244
S3606 Fangchinoline Fangchinoline, a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid, is a novel HIV-1 inhibitor with pain-relieving, blood pressure-depressing, and antibiotic activities.
Pathogens, 2023, 12(6)845
Pathogens, 2023, 12(6)845
S6452 Delavirdine mesylate Delavirdine Mesylate(U 90152 mesylate) is a mesylate salt form of delavirdine, which is a synthetic, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor.
J Cheminform, 2021, 13(1):90
S4427 Tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF, GS-7340) hemifumarate is a prodrug of tenofovir but results in significantly higher intracellular tenofovir concentrations and lower serum levels. Tenofovir alafenamide is a novel nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.
Front Microbiol, 2018, 9:278
S6492 Doravirine Doravirine is a novel HIV-1 nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with IC50 values of 12, 9.7, and 9.7 nM against the wild type (WT) and K103N and Y181C reverse transcriptase (RT) mutants, respectively, in a biochemical assay. It is highly specific with minimum off-target activities.
Nat Chem Biol, 2023, 19(4):431-439
S3273 Hypericin Hypericin (Hyp, HY) is a naturally occurring substance found in the common St. John's Wort (Hypericum species) with antidepressive, antineoplastic and antiviral (human immunodeficiency and hepatitis C virus) activities. Hypericin has inhibitory effects on MAO (monoaminoxidase), PKC (protein kinase C), dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, reverse transcriptase, telomerase and CYP (cytochrome P450).
Eur J Pharmacol, 2021, 900:174071
S4890 Bifendate Bifendate, a synthetic intermediate of schisandrin C, is an anti-HBV drug used in Chinese medicine for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.
S6848 3'-Fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine (Alovudine) 3'-Fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine (Alovudine, CL 184824, FddThd, FLT, MIV-310) is a potent inhibitor of polymerase γ and reverse transcriptase that can be used in the treatment of HIV infection. 3'-Fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine (Alovudine) is also a marker of DNA synthesis that can be used as an early response biomarker in the chemotherapy of pancreatic cancer.
E0815 Rilpivirine Hydrochloride Rilpivirine (TMC278), is a second-generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) with higher potency, longer half-life and reduced side-effect profile compared with older NNRTIs, such as efavirenz.
E1745New Ulonivirine Ulonivirine(MK-8507) is a selective and potent inhibitor of HIV-1 nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase (NNRTI) that binds to the classic NNRTI hydrophobic binding pocket near the polymerase active site. It demonstrates a potential to treat HIV-1 infections and induce the expression of CYP3A4, an enzyme often involved in drug metabolism.
S8055 Lersivirine (UK-453061) Lersivirine (UK-453061) is a potent and selective inhibitor of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase (NNRTI) with IC50 of 0.119 μM.
S5423 4-Chloro-2-(trifluoroacetyl)aniline hydrochloride 4-Chloro-2-(trifluoroacetyl)aniline hydrochloride is a HIV-1 RT (HIV reverse transcriptase) inhibitor.
S5068 Adefovir Adefovir is an orally administered nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor used for treatment of hepatitis B and herpes simplex virus infection.
Hepatol Commun, 2024, 8(1)e0351
E1745New Ulonivirine Ulonivirine(MK-8507) is a selective and potent inhibitor of HIV-1 nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase (NNRTI) that binds to the classic NNRTI hydrophobic binding pocket near the polymerase active site. It demonstrates a potential to treat HIV-1 infections and induce the expression of CYP3A4, an enzyme often involved in drug metabolism.

Reverse Transcriptase阻害剤の選択性比較

Tags: reverse transcriptase inhibition | reverse transcriptase reaction | hiv reverse transcriptase | reverse transcriptase protocol | reverse transcriptase function | reverse transcriptase assay | reverse transcriptase activity | reverse transcriptase drugs | reverse transcriptase mechanism | reverse transcriptase in humans | reverse transcriptase inhibitor review