Mangiferin

Mangiferin possesses several health endorsing properties such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antiallergic, anticancer, hypocholesterolemic, and immunomodulatory effects. It suppresses the activation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor isoforms by changing the transcription process. Mangiferin protects against different human cancers, including lung, colon, breast, and neuronal cancers, through the suppression of tumor necrosis factor α expression, inducible nitric oxide synthase potential, and proliferation and induction of apoptosis. It also protects against neural and breast cancers by suppressing the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and MMP-7 and inhibiting enzymatic activity, metastatic potential, and activation of the β-catenin pathway. It has the capacity to block lipid peroxidation, providing a shielding effect against physiological threats. Additionally, mangiferin enhances the capacity of the monocyte-macrophage system and possesses antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Mangiferin exerts a pro-hypoglycemic role by modulating glucose metabolism, ameliorating insulin resistance, lowering cholesterol synthesis, and inhibiting the expression of the tumor necrosis factor α and inducible nitric oxide synthase. It also induces apoptosis and inhibits the progression and promotion of cell proliferation by interfering with cell cycle regulation, the signaling of several cancer transduction pathways in tumor cells^[1].

RAW 264.7 cells are seeded in 6 well plates at a density of 2 × 10⁵ cells/well and then pre-incubated with different concentrations of PT-Mangiferin (10, 20 and 40 μM). The cells are stimulated with LPS (1 μg/ml) for 16 h and then treated with 10 μM DCFH-DA (2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate) and further incubated for 15 min at 37 °C. The cells are collected, washed with PBS and total of 10000 events are analyzed in FL1 channel by Flow cytometry.

Mangiferin can pass through the blood-ocular barrier and has been shown to be effective in curtailing various eye diseases. Administration of mangiferin (100 mg/kg BW) dissolved in corn oil in healthy male Swiss albino mice lowers the activity of lysosomal enzymes such as β-glucuronidase, acidphosphatase, β-galactosidase and N-acetyl glucosaminidase. Oral administration of mangiferin (100 miligram/kilogram BW) through the diet for 18 weeks significantly ameliorates the elevated levels of glycoprotein components, membrane lipid peroxidation, and ATPases in lung carcinoma-induced animals. Mangiferin also ameliorates intestinal inflammation and impairs the gastrointestinal transit postoperative ileus (POI) of rats. It recovers delayed intestinal transit induced by intestinal manipulation. In mice, Mangiferin shows a gastroprotective effect. Administration of mangiferin (3, 10 and 30 mg/kg) decreases ethanol-induced gastric damage by 30, 35 and 63% respectively, and reduced indomethacin-induced gastric damage by 22, 23, and 57% respectively. In pylorus-ligated rats, gastric secretion and total acidity significantly decrease by mangiferin, and it effectively prevents the depletion of the ethanol-related protein from the gastric mucosa of the non-protein sulfhydryl content. Mangiferin exhibits an antidiabetic role in adult C57BL/6 J mice. It has a significant role in the reduction of cholesterol, triglycerides, and free fatty acid (FFA) levels in both serum and heart, and can also enhance heart tissue phospholipid levels in isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxic rats. Mangiferin has a cytotoprotective role against the neurotoxicity and cognitive impairment induced by aluminium chloride in male Swiss albino mice^[1].